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	<title>Marine Biology &#187; Marine Biology</title>
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	<link>http://about-marine-biology.com</link>
	<description>Marine Biology News, Information &#38; Educational Resources.</description>
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		<title>Comment #5 by Wolverine</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/comment-5-by-wolverine-2/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/comment-5-by-wolverine-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:06:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>_T14c_</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://66405833955a951ffa62d67be60ec464_131e5075c15350cfe6f9fd9502671f1a</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[CanisThe problem is not jellyfish per se. &#160;They are obviously a natural and necessary part of the oceans, and many are very beautiful. &#160;The problem is that acidifying the oceans, overfishing, and global warming are causing the jellyfish popul...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[CanisThe problem is not jellyfish per se. &nbsp;They are obviously a natural and necessary part of the oceans, and many are very beautiful. &nbsp;The problem is that acidifying the oceans, overfishing, and global warming are causing the jellyfish populations to become unnaturally and harmfully large. &nbsp;The study from Australia a couple of years ago found that human-caused acidifying of the oceans due to CO2 emissions will eventually cause the oceans to devolve into what they were 200 million years ago, with a preponderance of jellyfish. www.grist.org<br><a rel="nofollow"  href="http://www.grist.org/article/jellyfish1/">Full Story</a><br><br>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/comment-5-by-wolverine-2/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Geology of Lonar Crater, India</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/geology-of-lonar-crater-india/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/geology-of-lonar-crater-india/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14581</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Maloof, Adam C., Stewart, Sarah T., Weiss, Benjamin P., Soule,  Samuel A., Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L., more...

Geological Society of America Bulletin
(2010)


        Lonar Crater, India, is one of the youngest and best prese...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Maloof, Adam C., Stewart, Sarah T., Weiss, Benjamin P., Soule,  Samuel A., Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L., more...

Geological Society of America Bulletin
(2010)


        Lonar Crater, India, is one of the youngest and best preserved impact structures on Earth. The 1.88-km-diameter simple crater formed entirely within the Deccan traps, making it a useful analogue for small craters on the basaltic surfaces of the other terrestrial planets and the Moon. In this study, we present a meter-scale-resolution digital elevation model, geological map of Lonar Crater and the surrounding area, and radiocarbon ages for histosols beneath the distal ejecta. Impact-related deformation of the target rock consists of upturned basalt flows in the upper crater walls and recumbent folding around rim concentric, subhorizontal, non-cylindrical fold axes at the crater rim. The rim-fold hinge is preserved around 10%-15% of the crater. Although tearing in the rim-fold is inferred from field and palcomagnetic observations, no tear faults are identified, indicating that large displacements in the crater walls are not characteristic of small craters in basalt. One significant normal fault structure is observed in the crater wall that offsets slightly older layer-parallel slip faults. There is little fluvial erosion of the continuous ejecta blanket. Portions of the ejecta blanket are overlain by aerodynamically and rotationally sculpted glassy impact spherules, in particular in the eastern and western rim, as well as in the depression north of the crater known as Little Lonar. The emplacement of the continuous ejecta blanket can be likened to a radial ground-hugging debris flow, based on the preserved thickness distribution of the ejecta, the efficient exchange of clasts between the ejecta flow and the underlying histosol, and the lack of sorting and stratification in the bulk of the ejecta. The ejecta profile is thickened at the distal edge and similar to fluidized ejecta structures observed on Mars.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14581">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14581">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/geology-of-lonar-crater-india/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Mandibular fractures in short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/mandibular-fractures-in-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/mandibular-fractures-in-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14582</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Oremland, Mollie Sue, Allen, Bernadette M., Clapham, Phillip J., Moore,  Michael J., Potter, Charley, more...

Marine Mammal Science
(2010)


        This study&#039;s objective was to investigate mandibular fractures in 50 shor...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Oremland, Mollie Sue, Allen, Bernadette M., Clapham, Phillip J., Moore,  Michael J., Potter, Charley, more...

Marine Mammal Science
(2010)


        This study&#39;s objective was to investigate mandibular fractures in 50 short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, from two mass strandings. Based on current theories that this species is sexually dimorphic and polygynous, hypotheses were: (1) males should suffer more frequent or more substantial mandibular fractures than should females, and (2) fracture occurrence should increase with male reproductive maturity and potential correlates of maturity, such as age and length. Fractures were described and correlated with physical characteristics to infer possible explanations for injuries. Mandibular fractures were surprisingly common in males and females, being found in more than half of the animals examined (27/50, or 54% overall; 17/36 or 47% of females and 10/14 or 71% of males). Length was the only correlate of fracture presence; the proportion of animals showing evidence of fracture increased with length. These results offer some support to initial hypotheses, but there must be another set of consequences that contribute to mandibular fractures in females. A combination of intra- and interspecific interactions and life history characteristics may be responsible for fractures. Further research from a larger sample of this and other cetacean species are suggested to help elucidate both the causes and implications of mandibular fractures.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14582">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14582">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/mandibular-fractures-in-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Origin and Extent of Fresh Paleowaters on the Atlantic Continental Shelf, USA</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/origin-and-extent-of-fresh-paleowaters-on-the-atlantic-continental-shelf-usa/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/origin-and-extent-of-fresh-paleowaters-on-the-atlantic-continental-shelf-usa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14573</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Cohen, Denis, Person, Mark, Wang, Peng, Gable, Carl W., Hutchinson,  Deborah, more...

Ground Water
(2010)


        While the existence of relatively fresh groundwater sequestered within permeable, porous sediments beneath the...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Cohen, Denis, Person, Mark, Wang, Peng, Gable, Carl W., Hutchinson,  Deborah, more...

Ground Water
(2010)


        While the existence of relatively fresh groundwater sequestered within permeable, porous sediments beneath the Atlantic continental shelf of North and South America has been known for some time, these waters have never been assessed as a potential resource. This fresh water was likely emplaced during Pleistocene sea-level low stands when the shelf was exposed to meteoric recharge and by elevated recharge in areas overrun by the Laurentide ice sheet at high latitudes. To test this hypothesis, we present results from a high-resolution paleohydrologic model of groundwater flow, heat and solute transport, ice sheet loading, and sea level fluctuations for the continental shelf from New Jersey to Maine over the last 2 million years. Our analysis suggests that the presence of fresh to brackish water within shallow Miocene sands more than 100 km offshore of New Jersey was facilitated by discharge of submarine springs along Baltimore and Hudson Canyons where these shallow aquifers crop out. Recharge rates four times modern levels were computed for portions of New England&#39;s continental shelf that were overrun by the Laurentide ice sheet during the last glacial maximum. We estimate the volume of emplaced Pleistocene continental shelf fresh water (less than 1 ppt) to be 1300 km3 in New England. We also present estimates of continental shelf fresh water resources for the U.S. Atlantic eastern seaboard (104 km3) and passive margins globally (3 x 105 km3). The simulation results support the hypothesis that offshore fresh water is a potentially valuable, albeit nonrenewable resource for coastal megacities faced with growing water shortages.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14573">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14573">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Changes in Arctic vegetation amplify high-latitude warming through the greenhouse effect</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/changes-in-arctic-vegetation-amplify-high-latitude-warming-through-the-greenhouse-effect/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/changes-in-arctic-vegetation-amplify-high-latitude-warming-through-the-greenhouse-effect/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14563</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Swann, A. L., Fung, I. Y., Levis, S., Bonan,  G. B., Doney,  S. C.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(2010)


        Arctic climate is projected to change dramatically in the next...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Swann, A. L., Fung, I. Y., Levis, S., Bonan,  G. B., Doney,  S. C.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(2010)


        Arctic climate is projected to change dramatically in the next 100 years and increases in temperature will likely lead to changes in the distribution and makeup of the Arctic biosphere. A largely deciduous ecosystem has been suggested as a possible landscape for future Arctic vegetation and is seen in paleo-records of warm times in the past. Here we use a global climate model with an interactive terrestrial biosphere to investigate the effects of adding deciduous trees on bare ground at high northern latitudes. We find that the top-of-atmosphere radiative imbalance from enhanced transpiration (associated with the expanded forest cover) is up to 1.5 times larger than the forcing due to albedo change from the forest. Furthermore, the greenhouse warming by additional water vapor melts sea-ice and triggers a positive feedback through changes in ocean albedo and evaporation. Land surface albedo change is considered to be the dominant mechanism by which trees directly modify climate at high-latitudes, but our findings suggest an additional mechanism through transpiration of water vapor and feedbacks from the ocean and sea-ice.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14563">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14563">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/changes-in-arctic-vegetation-amplify-high-latitude-warming-through-the-greenhouse-effect/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Postglacial changes in El Nino and La Nina behavior</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/postglacial-changes-in-el-nino-and-la-nina-behavior/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/postglacial-changes-in-el-nino-and-la-nina-behavior/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14558</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Makou,  Matthew C., Eglinton,  Timothy I., Oppo,  Delia W., Hughen,  Konrad A.

Geology
(2010)


        Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest distinctive changes in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of ...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Makou,  Matthew C., Eglinton,  Timothy I., Oppo,  Delia W., Hughen,  Konrad A.

Geology
(2010)


        Paleoclimate reconstructions suggest distinctive changes in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of tropical climate variability, over the last glacial cycle and throughout the Holocene. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies provide parallel reconstructions of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) phase variability, thus precluding distinction between variations in ENSO activity and the mean state of the tropical Pacific. Here we provide the first such records, generated using molecular organic geochemical proxies in a sediment core from the Peru margin region. The opposing influences of El Nino and La Nina on coastal upwelling and phytoplankton community structure produce distinct sedimentary sterol records describing the evolution of each ENSO phase. We document changes in surface ocean productivity on the Peru margin over the past 16 ka that indicate enhanced La Nina-like conditions alone during deglaciation, but concomitant increases in both El Nino and La Nina activity during the past 2 ka. We propose that the preponderance of La Nina-like conditions prior to 11.5 ka reflects the influence of waning glacial boundary conditions. By contrast, warm and cold phase covariability during the late Holocene suggests centennial-scale changes in ENSO activity, rather than the Pacific mean state, driven by tropical insolation.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14558">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14558">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/postglacial-changes-in-el-nino-and-la-nina-behavior/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>New broadband methods for resonance classification and high-resolution imagery of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband echosounder</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/new-broadband-methods-for-resonance-classification-and-high-resolution-imagery-of-fish-with-swimbladders-using-a-modified-commercial-broadband-echosounder-3/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/new-broadband-methods-for-resonance-classification-and-high-resolution-imagery-of-fish-with-swimbladders-using-a-modified-commercial-broadband-echosounder-3/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14561</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Stanton,  Timothy K., Chu,  Dezhang, Jech,  J. Michael, Irish, James D.

ICES Journal of Marine Science
(2010)


        A commercial acoustic system, originally designed for seafloor applications, has been adapted for studying...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Stanton,  Timothy K., Chu,  Dezhang, Jech,  J. Michael, Irish, James D.

ICES Journal of Marine Science
(2010)


        A commercial acoustic system, originally designed for seafloor applications, has been adapted for studying fish with swimbladders. The towed system contains broadband acoustic channels collectively spanning the frequency range 1.7-100 kHz, with some gaps. Using a pulse-compression technique, the range resolution of the echoes is [~]20 and 3 cm in the lower and upper ranges of the frequencies, respectively, allowing high-resolution imaging of patches and resolving fish near the seafloor. Measuring the swimbladder resonance at the lower frequencies eliminates major ambiguities normally associated with the interpretation of fish echo data: (i) the resonance frequency can be used to estimate the volume of the swimbladder (inferring the size of fish), and (ii) signals at the lower frequencies do not depend strongly on the orientation of the fish. At-sea studies of Atlantic herring demonstrate the potential for routine measurements of fish size and density, with significant improvements in accuracy over traditional high-frequency narrowband echosounders. The system also detected patches of scatterers, presumably zooplankton, at the higher frequencies. New techniques for quantitative use of broadband systems are presented, including broadband calibration and relating target strength and volume-scattering strength to quantities associated with broadband signal processing.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14561">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14561">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/new-broadband-methods-for-resonance-classification-and-high-resolution-imagery-of-fish-with-swimbladders-using-a-modified-commercial-broadband-echosounder-3/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Synchronous Deglacial Overturning and Water Mass Source Changes</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/synchronous-deglacial-overturning-and-water-mass-source-changes/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/synchronous-deglacial-overturning-and-water-mass-source-changes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14145</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Roberts, Natalie L., Piotrowski, Alexander M., McManus,  Jerry F., Keigwin,  Lloyd D.

Science
(2010)


        Understanding changes in ocean circulation during the last deglaciation is crucial to unraveling the dynamics of gl...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Roberts, Natalie L., Piotrowski, Alexander M., McManus,  Jerry F., Keigwin,  Lloyd D.

Science
(2010)


        Understanding changes in ocean circulation during the last deglaciation is crucial to unraveling the dynamics of glacial-interglacial and millennial climate shifts. We used neodymium isotope measurements on postdepositional iron-manganese oxide coatings precipitated on planktonic foraminifera to reconstruct changes in the bottom water source of the deep western North Atlantic at the Bermuda Rise. Comparison of our deep water source record with overturning strength proxies shows that both the deep water mass source and the overturning rate shifted rapidly and synchronously during the last deglacial transition. In contrast, any freshwater perturbation caused by Heinrich event 1 could have only affected shallow overturning. These findings show how changes in upper-ocean overturning associated with millennial-scale events differ from those associated with whole-ocean deglacial climate events.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14145">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14145">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/synchronous-deglacial-overturning-and-water-mass-source-changes/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Contrasting spring and summer phytoplankton dynamics in the nearshore Southern California Bight</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/contrasting-spring-and-summer-phytoplankton-dynamics-in-the-nearshore-southern-california-bight/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/contrasting-spring-and-summer-phytoplankton-dynamics-in-the-nearshore-southern-california-bight/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14146</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Santoro, Alyson E., Nidzieko, Nicholas J., van Dijken, Gert L., Arrigo, Kevin R., Boehm, Alexandria B.

Limnology and Oceanography
(2010)


        We analyzed a 9-yr record of ocean color data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-o...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Santoro, Alyson E., Nidzieko, Nicholas J., van Dijken, Gert L., Arrigo, Kevin R., Boehm, Alexandria B.

Limnology and Oceanography
(2010)


        We analyzed a 9-yr record of ocean color data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) together with a 4-yr record of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) measurements to investigate potential mechanisms influencing nearshore phytoplankton variability in the Southern California Bight. We also compared in situ physicochemical conditions at four shoreline stations during a year with an extensive nearshore dinoflagellate red tide (2005) to those of the following year when there was no extended red tide (2006). SeaWiFS data indicated that in spring, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and nitrate (NO3-) were inversely correlated to SSTs, consistent with an upwelling-dominated system, but in summer Chl a and NO3- were unrelated to SST. Summer dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were not well correlated between alongshore sampling stations, but showed a significant effect of tide stage (low vs. high). Mean summer nearshore Chl a was positively, linearly related to rainfall in the previous winter. The relationship between summer Chl a and winter precipitation could be due either to direct freshwater inputs during the winter rainy season or to delayed input via groundwater discharge. A first-order analysis of nutrient delivery from both surface runoff and groundwater discharge showed that they could sustain summer blooms of up to 7540 and 1700 km(2), respectively-areas on the order of the study site. However, precipitation-induced physical changes to the nearshore water column cannot be conclusively ruled out as a potential causative mechanism.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14146">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14146">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea in relation to sea ice</title>
		<link>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/survival-and-breeding-of-polar-bears-in-the-southern-beaufort-sea-in-relation-to-sea-ice/</link>
		<comments>http://about-marine-biology.com/marine-biology-1/survival-and-breeding-of-polar-bears-in-the-southern-beaufort-sea-in-relation-to-sea-ice/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 16:02:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Biology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14144</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Regehr, Eric V., Hunter,  Christine M., Caswell,  Hal, Amstrup,  Steven C., Stirling,  Ian

Journal of Animal Ecology
(2010)


        1. Observed and predicted declines in Arctic sea ice have raised concerns about marine mamma...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Journal article
        
Regehr, Eric V., Hunter,  Christine M., Caswell,  Hal, Amstrup,  Steven C., Stirling,  Ian

Journal of Animal Ecology
(2010)


        1. Observed and predicted declines in Arctic sea ice have raised concerns about marine mammals. In May 2008, the US Fish and Wildlife Service listed polar bears (Ursus maritimus) - one of the most ice-dependent marine mammals - as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. 2. We evaluated the effects of sea ice conditions on vital rates (survival and breeding probabilities) for polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea. Although sea ice declines in this and other regions of the polar basin have been among the greatest in the Arctic, to date population-level effects of sea ice loss on polar bears have only been identified in western Hudson Bay, near the southern limit of the species&#39; range. 3. We estimated vital rates using multistate capture-recapture models that classified individuals by sex, age and reproductive category. We used multimodel inference to evaluate a range of statistical models, all of which were structurally based on the polar bear life cycle. We estimated parameters by model averaging, and developed a parametric bootstrap procedure to quantify parameter uncertainty. 4. In the most supported models, polar bear survival declined with an increasing number of days per year that waters over the continental shelf were ice free. In 2001-2003, the ice-free period was relatively short (mean 101 days) and adult female survival was high (0 center dot 96-0 center dot 99, depending on reproductive state). In 2004 and 2005, the ice-free period was longer (mean 135 days) and adult female survival was low (0 center dot 73-0 center dot 79, depending on reproductive state). Breeding rates and cub litter survival also declined with increasing duration of the ice-free period. Confidence intervals on vital rate estimates were wide. 5. The effects of sea ice loss on polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea may apply to polar bear populations in other portions of the polar basin that have similar sea ice dynamics and have experienced similar, or more severe, sea ice declines. Our findings therefore are relevant to the extinction risk facing approximately one-third of the world&#39;s polar bears.... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14144">...</a><br>bibapp.mbl.edu... <a rel="nofollow"  href="http://bibapp.mbl.edu/works/14144">Read On</a>]]></content:encoded>
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